Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131ndan sonra T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ve d\u00fcnyada k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fimlerin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6neme girildi. Cumhuriyeti kuran kadrolar\u0131n \u00f6zenle \u00fczerinde durdu\u011fu temel meselelerden biri, devrimlere ba\u011fl\u0131, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bireylerin yeti\u015fece\u011fi modern e\u011fitim ve \u00fcretim yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tasarlanmas\u0131 ve hayata ge\u00e7irilmesiydi. Mimarl\u0131k, yaln\u0131zca estetik bir alan de\u011fil; yeni bir toplum in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n arac\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de modern mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131 sunan Prof. Dr. Ernst Egli, 1927 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019a geldi\u011finde kendisini Sirkeci Gar\u0131\u2019nda Mimar Kemaleddin Bey kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan Ankara\u2019ya giderek Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Atat\u00fcrk, yap\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flanan \u00d6\u011fretmen Okulu\u2019nun planlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stererek \u015fu soruyu y\u00f6neltti:
\n\u201cSay\u0131n Profes\u00f6r, g\u00f6rd\u00fckleriniz sizde modern bir okul izlenimi uyand\u0131rd\u0131 m\u0131?\u201d<\/p>\n
Egli k\u0131sa bir duraksamadan sonra diplomatik bir yan\u0131t vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131:
\n\u201cEkselanslar\u0131, Kemaleddin Bey ile birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rsak in\u015faat\u0131 elbette modern bir okul haline getirebiliriz.\u201d<\/p>\n
Bunun \u00fczerine Atat\u00fcrk net bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi:
\n\u201cSize bunu sormad\u0131m. Sadece g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fcn sizde modern bir okul izlenimi uyand\u0131r\u0131p uyand\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sordum.\u201d<\/p>\n
Egli an\u0131lar\u0131nda, bu sorudan sonra ger\u00e7ek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini s\u00f6ylemek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve mevcut planlar\u0131n modern bir okulu yans\u0131tmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade etti\u011fini yazar. Atat\u00fcrk de Maarif Bakan\u0131\u2019na d\u00f6nerek eski planlar\u0131n rafa kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve okulun Egli taraf\u0131ndan yeniden projelendirilmesini istedi. B\u00f6ylece cumhuriyet ile birlikte ulusal modern mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temelleri daha bilin\u00e7li ve kararl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n
Bu anlay\u0131\u015f do\u011frultusunda Anadolu\u2019nun bir\u00e7ok kentinde fabrikalar ve e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 y\u00fckseldi. Anadolu\u2019da kurulan S\u00fcmerbank Bez Fabrikalar\u0131, Tekel T\u00fct\u00fcn Fabrikalar\u0131 ve \u015eeker Fabrikalar\u0131 ile birlikte Ak\u00e7ada\u011f K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (Malatya), Arifiye K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (Adapazar\u0131), K\u0131z\u0131l\u00e7ullu K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (\u0130zmir), G\u00f6lk\u00f6y K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (Kastamonu), Kepirtepe K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (K\u0131rklareli), Pulur K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (Erzurum), Hasano\u011flan K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (Ankara), Pamukp\u0131nar K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, bu modernle\u015fme hamlesinin simgeleri oldu. Anadolu\u2019da y\u00fckselen fabrika bacalar\u0131 ve k\u00f6y enstit\u00fcleri, cumhuriyetin hem modern y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc hem de bir ulusun yeniden in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n maddi temelini temsil ediyordu.<\/p>\n
1940\u2019ta temelleri at\u0131lan Ak\u00e7ada\u011f K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde \u00f6\u011frenciler \u00e7ad\u0131rlarda kal\u0131yor; bir yandan e\u011fitim al\u0131rken bir yandan da okulun binalar\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa ediyordu. Derslikler, yurtlar, k\u00fct\u00fcphane, sinema salonu, revir, at\u00f6lyeler ve lojmanlar el birli\u011fiyle kuruldu. Yerle\u015fke duvarlarla \u00e7evrilmemi\u015f, ana yol enstit\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7irilerek k\u00f6yl\u00fc ile do\u011frudan temas hedeflenmi\u015fti. Kay\u0131s\u0131 bah\u00e7eleriyle \u00e7evrili bir kamp\u00fcs, bozk\u0131r\u0131n ortas\u0131nda bir ya\u015fam, yeni bir d\u00fcnya kuruluyordu.<\/p>\n
\u00d6\u011frencilerin Kayseri\u2019den getirdi\u011fi renkli ta\u015flarla d\u00f6\u015fedi\u011fi \u201cSevgi Yolu\u201d, tu\u011fla ocaklar\u0131nda \u00fcretilen \u00f6\u011frencilerin \u00fczerinde imzas\u0131 bulunan k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 tu\u011flalar, Sultansuyu\u2019ndan getirilen su ve kurulan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hidroelektrik santralinden elde edilen elektrik medeniyetle bulu\u015fturuyordu; b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar kolektif eme\u011fin somut g\u00f6stergeleriydi.<\/p>\n
K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcleri yaln\u0131zca okuma yazma \u00f6\u011freten kurumlar de\u011fildi. Ele\u015ftirel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi, \u00fcretimi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr birey olmay\u0131 temel alan devrimci bir e\u011fitim modeliydi.<\/p>\n
Ancak halk d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 zihniyetlerin kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olamad\u0131lar; hedeflenen d\u00fczeye ve \u00f6\u011fretmen say\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131lmadan kapat\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
1980 sonras\u0131nda cumhuriyetin simgesel kamusal mek\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131n tasfiyesi h\u0131zland\u0131. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirmelerle birlikte cumhuriyetin sanayi belle\u011fi da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. S\u00fcmerbanklar, Mensucat bez fabrikalar\u0131 ve \u015feker fabrikalar\u0131 \u00f6zelle\u015ftirildi. Bu de\u011fi\u015fim ya\u011fmas\u0131 kentlerin sosyal dokusunda derin yaralar a\u00e7t\u0131. Bir d\u00f6nem binlerce i\u015f\u00e7iye istihdam sa\u011flayan fabrikalar, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00fcretim d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131, makineler s\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc, araziler rant projelerine a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131; yerine rezidanslar, al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f merkezleri ve oteller yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
B\u00f6ylece Anadolu halk\u0131 hem i\u015flerini hem de kamusal alanlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. \u00dcretim mek\u00e2nlar\u0131 t\u00fcketim mek\u00e2nlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n
K\u00f6y Enstit\u00fcleri ve fabrikalar, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve mek\u00e2nsal haf\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Bu yap\u0131lar yaln\u0131zca betonarme binalar de\u011fil; bir d\u00f6nemin e\u015fitlik\u00e7i kalk\u0131nma idealinin somutla\u015fm\u0131\u015f h\u00e2liyd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Halk\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitim almas\u0131 ve \u00fcretime kat\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla kurulan okullar ve fabrikalar, sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te i\u015flevsizle\u015ftirilerek sermayenin rant alan\u0131na teslim edildi.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce kurulan bu modernle\u015fme iradesi, bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 bize \u015fu soruyu sorduruyor:
\nBir \u00fclkenin gelece\u011fi \u00fcretim ve e\u011fitimle mi, yoksa AVM ile mi in\u015fa edilir?<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Dieser vor hundert Jahren entstandene Modernisierungswille l\u00e4sst uns auch heute noch die folgende Frage stellen: Wird die Zukunft eines Landes durch Produktion und Bildung oder durch Einkaufszentren gestaltet?<\/p>","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":283029,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[286],"tags":[289],"class_list":{"0":"post-283028","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-yazarlar","8":"tag-manset"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/halkweb.com.tr\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/283028","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/halkweb.com.tr\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/halkweb.com.tr\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/halkweb.com.tr\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/39"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/halkweb.com.tr\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=283028"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/halkweb.com.tr\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/283028\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":283030,"href":"https:\/\/halkweb.com.tr\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/283028\/revisions\/283030"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/halkweb.com.tr\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/283029"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/halkweb.com.tr\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=283028"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/halkweb.com.tr\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=283028"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/halkweb.com.tr\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=283028"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}